post-title portfolio-title Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?Tablets USP 75mg Taj Pharma 2020-01-03 07:17:28 no no

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?Tablets USP 75mg Taj Pharma

  1. Name of the medicinal product

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?Tablets USP 75mg Taj Pharma

  1. Qualitative and quantitative composition

Each film coated tablet contains:
Clopidogrel bisulphate USP
Equivalent to Clopidogrel?????????????????????? 75mg
Clours: Red oxide of Iron, Titanium Dioxide USP

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

  1. Pharmaceutical form

Film-coated tablet.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate 75mg film-coated tablets are round, biconvex.

  1. Clinical particulars

4.1 Therapeutic indications

Secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is indicated in:

  • Adult patients suffering from myocardial infarction (from a few days until less than 35 days), ischaemic stroke (from 7 days until less than 6 months) or established peripheral arterial disease.
  • Adult patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome:

– Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction), including patients undergoing a stent placement following the percutaneous coronary intervention, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).

– ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, in combination with ASA in medically treated patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy.

Prevention of atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation

In adult patients with atrial fibrillation who have at least one risk factor for vascular events, are not suitable for treatment with Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and who have a low bleeding risk, Clopidogrel Bisulphate is indicated in combination with ASA for the prevention of atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events, including stroke.

For further information please refer to section 5.1.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology

  • Adults and elderly

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be given as a single daily dose of 75 mg.

In patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome:

– Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction): Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?treatment should be initiated with a single 300 mg loading dose and then continued at 75 mg once a day (with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 75 mg-325 mg daily). Since higher doses of ASA were associated with higher bleeding risk it is recommended that the dose of ASA should not be higher than 100 mg. The optimal duration of treatment has not been formally established. Clinical trial data support use up to 12 months, and the maximum benefit was seen at 3 months (see section 5.1).

– ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction: Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be given as a single daily dose of 75 mg initiated with a 300 mg loading dose in combination with ASA and with or without thrombolytics. For patients over 75 years of age Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be initiated without a loading dose. Combined therapy should be started as early as possible after symptoms start and continued for at least four weeks. The benefit of the combination of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?with ASA beyond four weeks has not been studied in this setting (see section 5.1).

In patients with atrial fibrillation, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be given as a single daily dose of 75 mg. ASA (75-100 mg daily) should be initiated and continued in combination with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(see section 5.1).

If a dose is missed:

– Within less than 12 hours after regular scheduled time: patients should take the dose immediately and then take the next dose at the regular scheduled time.

– For more than 12 hours: patients should take the next dose at the regular scheduled time and should not double the dose.

  • Paediatric population

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should not be used in children because of efficacy concerns (see section 5.1).

  • Renal impairment

Therapeutic experience is limited in patients with renal impairment (see section 4.4).

  • Hepatic impairment

Therapeutic experience is limited in patients with moderate hepatic disease who may have bleeding diatheses (see section 4.4).

Method of administration

For oral use.

It may be given with or without food.

4.3 Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
  • Severe hepatic impairment.
  • Active pathological bleeding such as peptic ulcer or intracranial haemorrhage.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Bleeding and haematological disorders

Due to the risk of bleeding and haematological adverse reactions, blood cell count determination and/or other appropriate testing should be promptly considered whenever clinical symptoms suggestive of bleeding arise during the course of treatment (see section 4.8). As with other antiplatelet agents, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be used with caution in patients who may be at risk of increased bleeding from trauma, surgery or other pathological conditions and in patients receiving treatment with ASA, heparin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including Cox-2 inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or other medicinal products associated with bleeding risk such as pentoxifylline (see section 4.5). Patients should be followed carefully for any signs of bleeding including occult bleeding, especially during the first weeks of treatment and/or after invasive cardiac procedures or surgery. The concomitant administration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?with oral anticoagulants is not recommended since it may increase the intensity of bleedings (see section 4.5).

If a patient is to undergo elective surgery and antiplatelet effect is temporarily not desirable, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be discontinued 7 days prior to surgery. Patients should inform physicians and dentists that they are taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?before any surgery is scheduled and before any new medicinal product is taken. Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?prolongs bleeding time and should be used with caution in patients who have lesions with a propensity to bleed (particularly gastrointestinal and intraocular).

Patients should be told that it might take longer than usual to stop bleeding when they take Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(alone or in combination with ASA), and that they should report any unusual bleeding (site or duration) to their physician.

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) has been reported very rarely following the use of Clopidogrel Bisulphate , sometimes after a short exposure. It is characterised by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia associated with either neurological findings, renal dysfunction or fever. TTP is a potentially fatal condition requiring prompt treatment including plasmapheresis.

Acquired haemophilia

Acquired haemophilia has been reported following use of Clopidogrel Bisulphate . In cases of confirmed isolated activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) prolongation with or without bleeding, acquired haemophilia should be considered. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of acquired haemophilia should be managed and treated by specialists, and Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be discontinued.

Recent ischaemic stroke

In view of the lack of data, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?cannot be recommended during the first 7 days after acute ischaemic stroke.

Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)

Pharmacogenetics: In patients who are poor CYP2C19 metabolisers, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?at recommended doses forms less of the active metabolite of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and has a smaller effect on platelet function. Tests are available to identify a patient’s CYP2C19 genotype.

Since Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is metabolised to its active metabolite partly by CYP2C19, use of medicinal products that inhibit the activity of this enzyme would be expected to result in reduced levels of the active metabolite of Clopidogrel Bisulphate . The clinical relevance of this interaction is uncertain. As a precaution concomitant use of strong or moderate CYP2C19 inhibitors should be discouraged (see section 4.5 for a list of CYP2C19 inhibitors, see also section 5.2).

CYP2C8 substrates

Caution is required in patients treated concomitantly with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and CYP2C8 substrate medicinal products (see section 4.5).

Cross-reactions among thienopyridines

Patients should be evaluated for history of hypersensitivity to thienopyridines (such as Clopidogrel Bisulphate , ticlopidine, prasugrel) since cross-reactivity among thienopyridines has been reported (see section 4.8). Thienopyridines may cause mild to severe allergic reactions such as rash, angioedema, or haematological cross-reactions such as thrombocytopaenia and neutropaenia. Patients who had developed a previous allergic reaction and/or haematological reaction to one thienopyridine may have an increased risk of developing the same or another reaction to another thienopyridine. Monitoring for signs of hypersensitivity in patients with a known allergy to thienopyridines is advised.

Renal impairment

Therapeutic experience with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is limited in patients with renal impairment. Therefore, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be used with caution in these patients (see section 4.2).

Hepatic impairment

Experience is limited in patients with moderate hepatic disease who may have bleeding diatheses. Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should therefore be used with caution in this population (see section 4.2).

Excipients

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Medicinal products associated with bleeding risk:?There is an increased risk of bleeding due to the potential additive effect. The concomitant administration of medicinal products associated with bleeding risk should be undertaken with caution (see section 4.4).

Oral anticoagulants: The concomitant administration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?with oral anticoagulants is not recommended since it may increase the intensity of bleedings (see section 4.4). Although the administration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?75 mg/day did not modify the pharmacokinetics of S-warfarin or International Normalised Ratio (INR) in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy, coadministration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?with warfarin increases the risk of bleeding because of independent effects on hemostasis.

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors: Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be used with caution in patients who receive concomitant glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (see section 4.4).

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA): ASA did not modify the Clopidogrel Bisulphate -mediated inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, but Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?potentiated the effect of ASA on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. However, concomitant administration of 500 mg of ASA twice a day for one day did not significantly increase the prolongation of bleeding time induced by Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?intake. A pharmacodynamic interaction between Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and acetylsalicylic acid is possible, leading to increased risk of bleeding. Therefore, concomitant use should be undertaken with caution (see section 4.4). However, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and ASA have been administered together for up to one year (see section 5.1).

Heparin: In a clinical study conducted in healthy subjects, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?did not necessitate modification of the heparin dose or alter the effect of heparin on coagulation. Co-administration of heparin had no effect on the inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by Clopidogrel Bisulphate . A pharmacodynamic interaction between Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and heparin is possible, leading to increased risk of bleeding. Therefore, concomitant use should be undertaken with caution (see section 4.4).

Thrombolytics: The safety of the concomitant administration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate , fibrin or non-fibrin specific thrombolytic agents and heparins was assessed in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The incidence of clinically significant bleeding was similar to that observed when thrombolytic agents and heparin are co-administered with ASA (see section 4.8)

NSAIDs: In a clinical study conducted in healthy volunteers, the concomitant administration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and naproxen increased occult gastrointestinal blood loss. However, due to the lack of interaction studies with other NSAIDs it is presently unclear whether there is an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding with all NSAIDs. Consequently, NSAIDs including Cox-2 inhibitors and Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be co-administered with caution (see section 4.4).

SSRIs:?Since SSRIs affect platelet activation and increase the risk of bleeding, the concomitant administration of SSRIs with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?should be undertaken with caution.

Other concomitant therapy: Since Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is metabolised to its active metabolite partly by CYP2C19, use of medicinal products that inhibit the activity of this enzyme would be expected to result in reduced levels of the active metabolite of Clopidogrel Bisulphate . The clinical relevance of this interaction is uncertain. As a precaution concomitant use of strong or moderate CYP2C19 inhibitors should be discouraged (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).

Medicinal products that are strong or moderate CYP2C19 inhibitors include, for example, omeprazole and esomeprazole, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, moclobemide, voriconazole, fluconazole, ticlopidine, carbamazepine and efavirenz.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI):

Omeprazole 80 mg once daily administered either at the same time as Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?or with 12 hours between the administrations of the two medicinal products decreased the exposure of the active metabolite by 45% (loading dose) and 40% (maintenance dose). The decrease was associated with a 39% (loading dose) and 21% (maintenance dose) reduction of inhibition of platelet aggregation. Esomeprazole is expected to give a similar interaction with Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

Inconsistent data on the clinical implications of this pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction in terms of major cardiovascular events have been reported from both observational and clinical studies. As a precaution, concomitant use of omeprazole or esomeprazole should be discouraged (see section 4.4).

Less pronounced reductions of metabolite exposure have been observed with pantoprazole or lansoprazole.

The plasma concentrations of the active metabolite were 20% reduced (loading dose) and 14% reduced (maintenance dose) during concomitant treatment with pantoprazole 80 mg once daily. This was associated with a reduction of the mean inhibition of platelet aggregation by 15% and 11%, respectively. These results indicate that Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?can be administered with pantoprazole.

There is no evidence that other medicinal products that reduce stomach acid such as H2 blockers or antacids interfere with antiplatelet activity of Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

Other medicinal products:?A number of other clinical studies have been conducted with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and other concomitant medicinal products to investigate the potential for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. No clinically significant pharmacodynamic interactions were observed when Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was co-administered with atenolol, nifedipine, or both atenolol and nifedipine. Furthermore, the pharmacodynamic activity of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was not significantly influenced by the co-administration of phenobarbital or oestrogen.

The pharmacokinetics of digoxin or theophylline were not modified by the co-administration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate . Antacids did not modify the extent of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?absorption.

Data from the CAPRIE study indicate that phenytoin and tolbutamide which are metabolised by CYP2C9 can be safely co-administered with Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

CYP2C8 substrate medicinal products:?Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?has been shown to increase repaglinide exposure in healthy volunteers. In vitro?studies have shown the increase in repaglinide exposure is due to inhibition of CYP2C8 by the glucuronide metabolite of Clopidogrel Bisulphate . Due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations, concomitant administration of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and medicinal products primarily cleared by CYP2C8 metabolism (e.g., repaglinide, paclitaxel) should be undertaken with caution (see section 4.4).

A significantly lower exposure to Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?active metabolite and reduced platelet inhibition have been demonstrated in HIV-infected patients treated with ritonavir- or cobicistat-boosted anti-retroviral therapies (ART). Although the clinical relevance of these findings is uncertain, there have been spontaneous reports of HIV-infected patients treated with boosted ART, who have experienced re-occlusive events after de-obstruction or have suffered thrombotic events under a Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?loading treatment schedule. Exposure of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and average platelet inhibition can be decreased with concomitant use of ritonavir. Therefore, concomitant use of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?with boosted ART should be discouraged.

Apart from the specific medicinal product interaction information described above, interaction studies with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and some medicinal products commonly administered in patients with atherothrombotic disease have not been performed. However, patients entered into clinical trials with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?received a variety of concomitant medicinal products including diuretics, beta blockers, ACEI, calcium antagonists, cholesterol lowering agents, coronary vasodilators, antidiabetic agents (including insulin), antiepileptic agents and GPIIb/IIIa antagonists without evidence of clinically significant adverse interactions.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

As no clinical data on exposure to Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?during pregnancy are available, it is preferable not to use Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?during pregnancy as a precautionary measure.

Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see section 5.3).

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?in breast milk. As a precautionary measure, breast-feeding should not be continued during treatment with Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

Fertility

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was not shown to alter fertility in animal studies.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?has been evaluated for safety in more than 44,000 patients who have participated in clinical studies, including over 12,000 patients treated for 1 year or more. Overall, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?75 mg/day was comparable to ASA 325 mg/day in CAPRIE regardless of age, gender and race. The clinically relevant adverse reactions observed in the CAPRIE, CURE, CLARITY, COMMIT and ACTIVE-A studies are discussed below. In addition to clinical studies experience, adverse reactions have been spontaneously reported.

Bleeding is the most common reaction reported both in clinical studies as well as in post-marketing experience where it was mostly reported during the first month of treatment.

In CAPRIE, in patients treated with either Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?or ASA, the overall incidence of any bleeding was 9.3%. The incidence of severe cases was similar for Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and ASA.

In CURE, there was no excess in major bleeds with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?plus ASA within 7 days after coronary bypass graft surgery in patients who stopped therapy more than five days prior to surgery. In patients who remained on therapy within five days of bypass graft surgery, the event rate was 9.6% for Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?plus ASA and 6.3% for placebo plus ASA.

In CLARITY, there was an overall increase in bleeding in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?plus ASA group vs. the placebo plus ASA group. The incidence of major bleeding was similar between groups. This was consistent across subgroups of patients defined by baseline characteristics and type of fibrinolytic or heparin therapy.

In COMMIT, the overall rate of non-cerebral major bleeding or cerebral bleeding was low and similar in both groups.

In ACTIVE-A, the rate of major bleeding was greater in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?+ ASA group than in the placebo + ASA group (6.7% versus 4.3%). Major bleeding was mostly of extracranial origin in both groups (5.3% in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?+ ASA group; 3.5% in the placebo +ASA group), mainly from the gastrointestinal tract (3.5% vs. 1.8%). There was an excess of intracranial bleeding in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?+ ASA treatment group compared to the placebo + ASA group (1.4% versus 0.8%, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of fatal bleeding (1.1% in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?+ ASA group and 0.7% in the placebo +ASA group) and haemorrhagic stroke (0.8% and 0.6%, respectively) between groups.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions that occurred either during clinical studies or that were spontaneously reported are presented in the table below. Their frequency is defined using the following conventions: common (?1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (?1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (?1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each system organ class, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

System Organ Class Common Uncommon Rare Very rare, not known*
Blood and lymphatic system disorders Thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, eosinophilia Neutropenia, including severe neutropenia Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) (see section 4.4), aplastic anaemia, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, severe thrombocytopenia, acquired haemophilia A. granulocytopenia, anaemia
Immune system disorders Serum sickness, anaphylactoid reactions, cross-reactive drug hypersensitivity among thienopyridines (such as ticlopidine, prasugrel) (see section 4.4)*, insulin autoimmune syndrome, which can lead to severe hypoglycaemia, particularly in patients with HLA DRA4 subtype (more frequent in the Japanese population)*
Psychiatric disorders Hallucinations, confusion
Nervous system disorders Intracranial bleeding (some cases were reported with fatal outcome), headache, paraesthesia, dizziness Taste disturbances, ageusia
Eye disorders Eye bleeding (conjunctival, ocular, retinal)
Ear and labyrinth disorders Vertigo
Cardiac disorders Kounis syndrome (vasospastic allergic angina / allergic myocardial infarction) in the context of a hypersensitivity reaction due to Clopidogrel Bisulphate *
Vascular disorders Haematoma Serious haemorrhage, haemorrhage of operative wound, vasculitis, hypotension
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Epistaxis Respiratory tract bleeding (haemoptysis, pulmonary haemorrhage), bronchospasm, interstitial pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonia
Gastrointestinal disorders Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, gastritis, vomiting, nausea, constipation, flatulence Retroperitoneal haemorrhage Gastrointestinal and retroperitoneal haemorrhage with fatal outcome, pancreatitis, colitis (including ulcerative or lymphocytic colitis), stomatitis
Hepatobiliary disorders Acute liver failure, hepatitis, abnormal liver function test
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Bruising Rash, pruritus, skin bleeding (purpura) Bullous dermatitis (toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens Johnson Syndrome, erythema multiforme, acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)), angioedema, drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), rash erythematous or exfoliative, urticaria, eczema, lichen planus
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Musculo-skeletal bleeding (haemarthrosis), arthritis, arthralgia, myalgia
Renal and urinary disorders Haematuria Glomerulonephritis, blood creatinine increased
Reproductive system and breast disorders Gynaecomastia
General disorders and administration site conditions Bleeding at puncture site Fever
Investigations Bleeding time prolonged, neutrophil count decreased, platelet count decreased

*Information related to Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?with frequency ?not known?.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.

4.9 Overdose

Overdose following Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?administration may lead to prolonged bleeding time and subsequent bleeding complications. Appropriate therapy should be considered if bleedings are observed.

No antidote to the pharmacological activity of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?has been found. If prompt correction of prolonged bleeding time is required, platelet transfusion may reverse the effects of Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

  1. Pharmacological properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin.

Mechanism of action

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is a prodrug, one of whose metabolites is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?must be metabolised by CYP450 enzymes to produce the active metabolite that inhibits platelet aggregation. The active metabolite of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?selectively inhibits the binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet P2Y12?receptor and the subsequent ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. Due to the irreversible binding, platelets exposed are affected for the remainder of their lifespan (approximately 7-10 days) and recovery of normal platelet function occurs at a rate consistent with platelet turnover. Platelet aggregation induced by agonists other than ADP is also inhibited by blocking the amplification of platelet activation by released ADP.

Because the active metabolite is formed by CYP450 enzymes, some of which are polymorphic or subject to inhibition by other medicinal products, not all patients will have adequate platelet inhibition.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Repeated doses of 75 mg per day produced substantial inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation from the first day; this increased progressively and reached steady state between Day 3 and Day 7. At steady state, the average inhibition level observed with a dose of 75 mg per day was between 40% and 60%. Platelet aggregation and bleeding time gradually returned to baseline values, generally within 5 days after treatment was discontinued.

Clinical efficacy and safety

The safety and efficacy of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?have been evaluated in 5 double-blind studies involving over 88,000 patients: the CAPRIE study, a comparison of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?to ASA, and the CURE, CLARITY, COMMIT and ACTIVE-A studies comparing Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?to placebo, both medicinal products given in combination with ASA and other standard therapy.

Recent myocardial infarction (MI), recent stroke or established peripheral arterial disease

The CAPRIE study included 19,185 patients with atherothrombosis as manifested by recent myocardial infarction (<35 days), recent ischaemic stroke (between 7 days and 6 months) or established peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Patients were randomised to Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?75 mg/day or ASA 325 mg/day, and were followed for 1 to 3 years. In the myocardial infarction subgroup, most of the patients received ASA for the first few days following the acute myocardial infarction.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?significantly reduced the incidence of new ischaemic events (combined end point of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and vascular death) when compared to ASA. In the intention to treat analysis, 939 events were observed in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?group and 1,020 events with ASA (relative risk reduction (RRR) 8.7%, [95% CI: 0.2 to 16.4]; p=0.045), which corresponds, for every 1,000 patients treated for 2 years, to 10 [CI: 0 to 20] additional patients being prevented from experiencing a new ischaemic event. Analysis of total mortality as a secondary endpoint did not show any significant difference between Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(5.8%) and ASA (6.0%).

In a subgroup analysis by qualifying condition (myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and PAD) the benefit appeared to be strongest (achieving statistical significance at p=0.003) in patients enrolled due to PAD (especially those who also had a history of myocardial infarction) (RRR = 23.7%; CI: 8.9 to 36.2) and weaker (not significantly different from ASA) in stroke patients (RRR = 7.3%; CI: -5.7 to 18.7 [p=0.258]). In patients who were enrolled in the trial on the sole basis of a recent myocardial infarction, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was numerically inferior, but not statistically different from ASA (RRR = -4.0%; CI: -22.5 to 11.7 [p=0.639]). In addition, a subgroup analysis by age suggested that the benefit of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?in patients over 75 years was less than that observed in patients ?75 years.

Since the CAPRIE trial was not powered to evaluate efficacy of individual subgroups, it is not clear whether the differences in relative risk reduction across qualifying conditions are real, or a result of chance.

Acute coronary syndrome

The CURE study included 12,562 patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction), and presenting within 24 hours of onset of the most recent episode of chest pain or symptoms consistent with ischaemia. Patients were required to have either ECG changes compatible with new ischaemia or elevated cardiac enzymes or troponin I or T to at least twice the upper limit of normal. Patients were randomised to Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg/day, N=6,259) or placebo (N=6,303), both given in combination with ASA (75-325 mg once daily) and other standard therapies. Patients were treated for up to one year. In CURE, 823 (6.6%) patients received concomitant GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist therapy. Heparins were administered in more than 90% of the patients and the relative rate of bleeding between Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and placebo was not significantly affected by the concomitant heparin therapy.

The number of patients experiencing the primary endpoint [cardiovascular (CV) death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke] was 582 (9.3%) in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate -treated group and 719 (11.4%) in the placebo-treated group, a 20% relative risk reduction (95% CI of 10%-28%; p=0.00009) for the Clopidogrel Bisulphate -treated group (17% relative risk reduction when patients were treated conservatively, 29% when they underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with or without stent and 10% when they underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)). New cardiovascular events (primary endpoint) were prevented, with relative risk reductions of 22% (CI: 8.6, 33.4), 32% (CI: 12.8, 46.4), 4% (CI: -26.9, 26.7), 6% (CI: -33.5, 34.3) and 14% (CI: -31.6, 44.2), during the 0-1, 1-3, 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 month study intervals, respectively. Thus, beyond 3 months of treatment, the benefit observed in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?+ ASA group was not further increased, whereas the risk of haemorrhage persisted (see section 4.4).

The use of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?in CURE was associated with a decrease in the need of thrombolytic therapy (RRR = 43.3%; CI: 24.3%, 57.5%) and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors (RRR = 18.2%; CI: 6.5%, 28.3%).

The number of patients experiencing the co-primary endpoint (CV death, MI, stroke or refractory ischaemia) was 1,035 (16.5%) in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate -treated group and 1,187 (18.8%) in the placebo-treated group, a 14% relative risk reduction (95% CI of 6%-21%, p=0.0005) for the Clopidogrel Bisulphate -treated group. This benefit was mostly driven by the statistically significant reduction in the incidence of MI [287 (4.6%) in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?treated group and 363 (5.8%) in the placebo treated group]. There was no observed effect on the rate of rehospitalisation for unstable angina.

The results obtained in populations with different characteristics (e.g. unstable angina or non-Q-wave MI, low to high risk levels, diabetes, need for revascularisation, age, gender, etc.) were consistent with the results of the primary analysis. In particular, in a post-hoc analysis in 2,172 patients (17% of the total CURE population) who underwent stent placement (Stent-CURE), the data showed that Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?compared to placebo, demonstrated a significant RRR of 26.2% favouring Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?for the co-primary endpoint (CV death, MI, stroke) and also a significant RRR of 23.9% for the second co-primary endpoint (CV death, MI, stroke or refractory ischaemia). Moreover, the safety profile of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?in this subgroup of patients did not raise any particular concern. Thus, the results from this subset are in line with the overall trial results.

The benefits observed with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?were independent of other acute and long-term cardiovascular therapies (such as heparin/LMWH, GPIIb/IIIa antagonists, lipid lowering medicinal products, beta blockers, and ACE-inhibitors). The efficacy of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was observed independently of the dose of ASA (75-325 mg once daily).

In patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI, safety and efficacy of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?have been evaluated in 2 randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies, CLARITY and COMMIT.

The CLARITY trial included 3,491 patients presenting within 12 hours of the onset of a ST elevation MI and planned for thrombolytic therapy. Patients received Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(300 mg loading dose, followed by 75 mg/day, n=1,752) or placebo (n=1,739), both in combination with ASA (150 to 325 mg as a loading dose, followed by 75 to 162 mg/day), a fibrinolytic agent and, when appropriate, heparin. The patients were followed for 30 days. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of the composite of an occluded infarct-related artery on the predischarge angiogram, or death or recurrent MI before coronary angiography. For patients who did not undergo angiography, the primary endpoint was death or recurrent myocardial infarction by Day 8 or by hospital discharge. The patient population included 19.7% women and 29.2% patients ? 65 years. A total of 99.7% of patients received fibrinolytics (fibrin specific: 68.7%, non- fibrin specific: 31.1%), 89.5% heparin, 78.7% beta blockers, 54.7% ACE inhibitors and 63% statins.

Fifteen percent (15.0%) of patients in the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?group and 21.7% in the placebo group reached the primary endpoint, representing an absolute reduction of 6.7% and a 36 % odds reduction in favor of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(95% CI: 24, 47%; p < 0.001), mainly related to a reduction in occluded infarct-related arteries. This benefit was consistent across all prespecified subgroups including patients’ age and gender, infarct location, and type of fibrinolytic or heparin used.

The 2×2 factorial design COMMIT trial included 45,852 patients presenting within 24 hours of the onset of the symptoms of suspected MI with supporting ECG abnormalities (i.e. ST elevation, ST depression or left bundle-branch block). Patients received Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(75 mg/day, n=22,961) or placebo (n=22,891), in combination with ASA (162 mg/day), for 28 days or until hospital discharge. The co-primary endpoints were death from any cause and the first occurrence of re-infarction, stroke or death. The population included 27.8% women, 58.4% patients ? 60 years (26% ? 70 years) and 54.5% patients who received fibrinolytics.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?significantly reduced the relative risk of death from any cause by 7% (p = 0.029), and the relative risk of the combination of re-infarction, stroke or death by 9% (p = 0.002), representing an absolute reduction of 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. This benefit was consistent across age, gender and with or without fibrinolytics, and was observed as early as 24 hours.

De-escalation of P2Y12?Inhibitor Agents in ACS

Switching from a more potent P2Y12?receptor inhibitor to Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?in association with aspirin after acute phase in ACS has been evaluated in two randomized investigator-sponsored studies (ISS)-TOPIC and TROPICAL-ACS ? with clinical outcome data.

The clinical benefit provided by the more potent P2Y12?inhibitors, ticagrelor and prasugrel, in their pivotal studies is related to a significant reduction in recurrent ischaemic events (including acute and subacute stent thrombosis (ST), myocardial infarction (MI) and urgent revascularization). Although the ischaemic benefit was consistent throughout the first year, greater reduction in ischaemic recurrence after ACS was observed during the initial days following the treatment initiation. In contrast,?post-hoc?analyses demonstrated statistically significant increases in the bleeding risk with the more potent P2Y12?inhibitors, occurring predominantly during the maintenance phase, after the first month post-ACS. TOPIC and TROPICAL-ACS were designed to study how to mitigate the bleeding events while maintaining efficacy.

TOPIC?(Timing Of Platelet Inhibition after acute Coronary syndrome)

This randomized, open-label trial included ACS patients requiring PCI. Patients on aspirin and a more potent P2Y12?blocker and without adverse event at one month were assigned to switch to fixed-dose aspirin plus Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(de-escalated dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)) or continuation of their drug regimen (unchanged DAPT).

Overall, 645 of 646 patients with STEMI or NSTEMI or unstable angina were analyzed (de-escalated DAPT (n=322); unchanged DAPT (n=323)). Follow-up at one year was performed for 316 patients (98.1 %) in the de-escalated DAPT group and 318 patients (98.5 %) in the unchanged DAPT group. The median follow-up for both groups was 359 days. The characteristics of the studied cohort were similar in the 2 groups.

The primary outcome, a composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, urgent revascularization and BARC (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium) bleeding ? 2 at 1 year post-ACS, occurred in 43 patients (13.4 %) in the de-escalated DAPT group and in 85 patients (26.3 %) in the unchanged DAPT group (p<0.01). This statistically significant difference was mainly driven by fewer bleeding events, with no difference reported in ischaemic endpoints (p=0.36), while BARC ? 2 bleeding occurred less frequently in the de-escalated DAPT group (4.0 %) versus 14.9 % in the unchanged DAPT group (p<0.01). Bleeding events defined as all BARC occurred in 30 patients (9.3 %) in the de-escalated DAPT group and in 76 patients (23.5 %) in the unchanged DAPT group (p<0.01).

TROPICAL-ACS?(Testing Responsiveness to Platelet Inhibition on Chronic Antiplatelet Treatment for Acute Coronary Syndromes)

This randomized, open-label trial included 2,610 biomarker-positive ACS patients after successful PCI. Patients were randomized to receive either prasugrel 5 or 10 mg/d (Days 0-14) (n=1,309), or prasugrel 5 or 10 mg/d (Days 0-7) then de-escalated to Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?75 mg/d (Days 8-14) (n=1,309), in combination with ASA (<100 mg/day). At Day 14, platelet function testing (PFT) was performed. The prasugrel-only patients were continued on prasugrel for 11.5 months.

The de-escalated patients underwent high platelet reactivity (HPR) testing. If HPR ? 46 units, the patients were escalated back to prasugrel 5 or 10 mg/d for 11.5 months; if HPR < 46 units, the patients continued on Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?75 mg/d for 11.5 months. Therefore, the guided de-escalation arm had patients on either prasugrel (40 %) or Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(60 %). All patients were continued on aspirin and were followed for one year.

The primary endpoint (the combined incidence of CV death, MI, stroke and BARC bleeding grade ? 2 at 12 months) was met showing non-inferiority. Ninety five patients (7 %) in the guided de-escalation group and 118 patients (9 %) in the control group (p non-inferiority=0.0004) had an event. The guided de-escalation did not result in an increased combined risk of ischemic events (2.5 % in the de-escalation group vs 3.2 % in the control group; p non-inferiority=0.0115), nor in the key secondary endpoint of BARC bleeding ? 2 ((5 %) in the de-escalation group versus 6 % in the control group (p=0.23)). The cumulative incidence of all bleeding events (BARC class 1 to 5) was 9 % (114 events) in the guided de-escalation group versus 11 % (137 events) in the control group (p=0.14).

Atrial fibrillation

The ACTIVE-W and ACTIVE-A studies, separate trials in the ACTIVE program, included patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who had at least one risk factor for vascular events. Based on enrollment criteria, physicians enrolled patients in ACTIVE-W if they were candidates for vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy (such as warfarin). The ACTIVE-A study included patients who could not receive VKA therapy because they were unable or unwilling to receive the treatment.

The ACTIVE-W study demonstrated that anticoagulant treatment with vitamin K antagonists was more effective than with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and ASA.

The ACTIVE-A study (N=7,554) was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study which compared Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?75 mg/day + ASA (N=3,772) to placebo + ASA (N=3,782). The recommended dose for ASA was 75 to 100 mg/day. Patients were treated for up to 5 years.

Patients randomized in the ACTIVE program were those presenting with documented AF, i.e., either permanent AF or at least 2 episodes of intermittent AF in the past 6 months, and had at least one of the following risk factors: age ?75 years or age 55 to 74 years and either diabetes mellitus requiring medicinal therapy, or documented previous MI or documented coronary artery disease; treated for systemic hypertension; prior stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), or non-CNS systemic embolus; left ventricular dysfunction with left ventricular ejection fraction <45%; or documented peripheral vascular disease. The mean CHADS2?score was 2.0 (range 0-6).

The major exclusion criteria for patients were documented peptic ulcer disease within the previous 6 months; prior intracerebral hemorrhage; significant thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 50 x 109/l); requirement for Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?or oral anticoagulants (OAC); or intolerance to any of the two compounds.

Seventy-three percent (73%) of patients enrolled into the ACTIVE-A study were unable to take VKA due to physician assessment, inability to comply with INR (international normalised ratio) monitoring, predisposition to falling or head trauma, or specific risk of bleeding; for 26% of the patients, the physician’s decision was based on the patient’s unwillingness to take VKA.

The patient population included 41.8 % women. The mean age was 71 years, 41.6% of patients were ? 75 years. A total of 23.0% of patients received anti-arrhythmics, 52.1% beta-blockers, 54.6% ACE inhibitors, and 25.4% statins.

The number of patients who reached the primary endpoint (time to first occurrence of stroke, MI, non-CNS systemic embolism or vascular death) was 832 (22.1%) in the group treated with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?+ ASA and 924 (24.4%) in the placebo + ASA group (relative risk reduction of 11.1%; 95% CI of 2.4% to 19.1%; p=0.013), primarily due to a large reduction in the incidence of strokes. Strokes occurred in 296 (7.8%) patients receiving Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?+ ASA and 408 (10.8%) patients receiving placebo + ASA (relative risk reduction, 28.4%; 95% CI, 16.8% to 38.3%; p=0.00001).

Paediatric population

In a dose escalation study of 86 neonates or infants up to 24 months of age at risk for thrombosis (PICOLO), Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was evaluated at consecutive doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg in neonates and infants and 0.15 mg/kg only in neonates. The dose of 0.2 mg/kg achieved the mean percent inhibition of 49.3% (5 ?M ADP-induced platelet aggregation) which was comparable to that of adults taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?75 mg/day.

In a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study (CLARINET), 906 paediatric patients (neonates and infants) with cyanotic congenital heart disease palliated with a systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt were randomised to receive Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?0.2 mg/kg (n=467) or placebo (n=439) along with concomitant background therapy up to the time of second stage surgery. The mean time between shunt palliation and first administration of study medicinal product was 20 days. Approximately 88% of patients received concomitant ASA (range of 1 to 23 mg/kg/day). There was no significant difference between groups in the primary composite endpoint of death, shunt thrombosis or cardiac-related intervention prior to 120 days of age following an event considered of thrombotic nature (89 [19.1%] for the Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?group and 90 [20.5%] for the placebo group) (see section 4.2). Bleeding was the most frequently reported adverse reaction in both Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and placebo groups; however, there was no significant difference in the bleeding rate between groups. In the long-term safety follow-up of this study, 26 patients with the shunt still in place at one year of age received Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?up to 18 months of age. No new safety concerns were noted during this long-term follow-up.

The CLARINET and the PICOLO trials were conducted using a constituted solution of Clopidogrel Bisulphate . In a relative bioavailability study in adults, the constituted solution of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?showed a similar extent and slightly higher rate of absorption of the main circulating (inactive) metabolite compared to the authorised tablet.

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption

After single and repeated oral doses of 75 mg per day, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is rapidly absorbed. Mean peak plasma levels of unchanged Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(approximately 2.2-2.5 ng/ml after a single 75 mg oral dose) occurred approximately 45 minutes after dosing. Absorption is at least 50%, based on urinary excretion of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?metabolites.

Distribution

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?and the main circulating (inactive) metabolite bind reversibly?in?vitro?to human plasma proteins (98% and 94%, respectively). The binding is non-saturable?in vitro?over a wide concentration range.

Biotransformation

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is extensively metabolised by the liver.?In vitro?and?in vivo, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is metabolised according to two main metabolic pathways: one mediated by esterases and leading to hydrolysis into its inactive carboxylic acid derivative (85% of circulating metabolites), and one mediated by multiple cytochromes P450. Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is first metabolised to a 2-oxo-Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?intermediate metabolite. Subsequent metabolism of the 2-oxo-Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?intermediate metabolite results in formation of the active metabolite, a thiol derivative of Clopidogrel Bisulphate . The active metabolite is formed mostly by CYP2C19 with contributions from several other CYP enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and

CYP3A4. The active thiol metabolite which has been isolated?in vitro, binds rapidly and irreversibly to platelet receptors, thus inhibiting platelet aggregation.

The Cmax?of the active metabolite is twice as high following a single 300-mg Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?loading dose as it is after four days of 75-mg maintenance dose. Cmax?occurs approximately 30 to 60 minutes after dosing.

Elimination

Following an oral dose of?14C-labelled Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?in man, approximately 50% was excreted in the urine and approximately 46% in the faeces in the 120-hour interval after dosing. After a single oral dose of 75 mg, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?has a half-life of approximately 6 hours. The elimination half-life of the main circulating (inactive) metabolite was 8 hours after single and repeated administration.

Pharmacogenetics

CYP2C19 is involved in the formation of both the active metabolite and the 2-oxo-Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?intermediate metabolite. Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?active metabolite pharmacokinetics and antiplatelet effects, as measured by?ex vivo?platelet aggregation assays, differ according to CYP2C19 genotype.

The CYP2C19*1 allele corresponds to fully functional metabolism while the CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles are non-functional. The CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles account for the majority of reduced function alleles in Caucasian (85%) and Asian (99%) poor metabolisers. Other alleles associated with absent or reduced metabolism are less frequent and include CYP2C19*4, *5, *6, *7, and *8. A patient with poor metaboliser status will possess two loss-of-function alleles as defined above. Published frequencies for the poor CYP2C19 metaboliser genotypes are approximately 2% for Caucasians, 4% for Blacks and 14% for Chinese. Tests are available to determine a patient’s CYP2C19 genotype.

A crossover study in 40 healthy subjects, 10 each in the four CYP2C19 metaboliser groups (ultrarapid, extensive, intermediate and poor), evaluated pharmacokinetic and antiplatelet responses using 300 mg followed by 75 mg/day and 600 mg followed by 150 mg/day, each for a total of 5 days (steady state). No substantial differences in active metabolite exposure and mean inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) were observed between ultrarapid, extensive and intermediate metabolisers. In poor metabolisers, active metabolite exposure was decreased by 63-71% compared to extensive metabolisers. After the 300 mg/75 mg dose regimen, antiplatelet responses were decreased in the poor metabolisers with mean IPA (5 ?M ADP) of 24% (24 hours) and 37% (Day 5) as compared to IPA of 39% (24 hours) and 58% (Day 5) in the extensive metabolisers and 37% (24 hours) and 60% (Day 5) in the intermediate metabolisers. When poor metabolisers received the 600 mg/150 mg regimen, active metabolite exposure was greater than with the 300 mg/75 mg regimen. In addition, IPA was 32% (24 hours) and 61% (Day 5), which were greater than in the poor metabolisers receiving the 300 mg/75 mg regimen, and were similar to the other CYP2C19 metaboliser groups receiving the 300 mg/75 mg regimen. An appropriate dose regimen for this patient population has not been established in clinical outcome trials.

Consistent with the above results, in a meta-analysis including 6 studies of 335 Clopidogrel Bisulphate -treated subjects at steady state, it was shown that active metabolite exposure was decreased by 28% for intermediate metabolisers, and 72% for poor metabolisers while platelet aggregation inhibition (5 ?M ADP) was decreased with differences in IPA of 5.9% and 21.4%, respectively, when compared to extensive metabolisers.

The influence of CYP2C19 genotype on clinical outcomes in patients treated with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?has not been evaluated in prospective, randomised, controlled trials. There have been a number of retrospective analyses, however, to evaluate this effect in patients treated with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?for whom there are genotyping results: CURE (n=2,721), CHARISMA (n=2,428), CLARITY-TIMI 28 (n=227), TRITON-TIMI 38 (n=1,477), and ACTIVE-A (n=601), as well as a number of published cohort studies.

In TRITON-TIMI 38 and 3 of the cohort studies (Collet, Sibbing, Giusti) the combined group of patients with either intermediate or poor metaboliser status had a higher rate of cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) or stent thrombosis compared to extensive metabolisers.

In CHARISMA and one cohort study (Simon), an increased event rate was observed only in poor metabolisers when compared to extensive metabolisers.

In CURE, CLARITY, ACTIVE-A and one of the cohort studies (Trenk), no increased event rate was observed based on metaboliser status.

None of these analyses were adequately sized to detect differences in outcome in poor metabolisers.

Special populations

The pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is not known in these special populations.

Renal impairment

After repeated doses of 75 mg Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?per day in subjects with severe renal disease (creatinine clearance from 5 to 15 ml/min), inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was lower (25%) than that observed in healthy subjects, however, the prolongation of bleeding time was similar to that seen in healthy subjects receiving 75 mg of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?per day. In addition, clinical tolerance was good in all patients.

Hepatic impairment

After repeated doses of 75 mg Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?per day for 10 days in patients with severe hepatic impairment, inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was similar to that observed in healthy subjects. The mean bleeding time prolongation was also similar in the two groups.

Race

The prevalence of CYP2C19 alleles that result in intermediate and poor CYP2C19 metabolism differs according to race/ethnicity (see Pharmacogenetics). From literature, limited data in Asian populations are available to assess the clinical implication of genotyping of this CYP on clinical outcome events.

5.3 Preclinical safety data

During non-clinical studies in rat and baboon, the most frequently observed effects were liver changes. These occurred at doses representing at least 25 times the exposure seen in humans receiving the clinical dose of 75 mg/day and were a consequence of an effect on hepatic metabolising enzymes. No effect on hepatic metabolising enzymes was observed in humans receiving Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?at the therapeutic dose.

At very high doses, a poor gastric tolerability (gastritis, gastric erosions and/or vomiting) of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was also reported in rat and baboon.

There was no evidence of carcinogenic effect when Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was administered for 78 weeks to mice and 104 weeks to rats when given at doses up to 77 mg/kg per day (representing at least 25 times the exposure seen in humans receiving the clinical dose of 75 mg/day).

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?has been tested in a range of?in vitro?and?in vivo?genotoxicity studies, and showed no genotoxic activity.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?was found to have no effect on the fertility of male and female rats and was not teratogenic in either rats or rabbits. When given to lactating rats, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?caused a slight delay in the development of the offspring. Specific pharmacokinetic studies performed with radiolabelled Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?have shown that the parent compound or its metabolites are excreted in the milk. Consequently, a direct effect (slight toxicity), or an indirect effect (low palatability) cannot be excluded.

  1. Pharmaceutical particulars

6.1 List of excipients

Core: Microcrystalline cellulose, Mannitol,

Hydroxypropylcellulose, Crospovidone

Citric acid monohydrate, Macrogol , Stearic acid, Talc.

Coating:

Hypromellose, Lactose monohydrate

Iron oxide red, Triacetin, Titanium dioxide.

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

6.3 Shelf life

3 years

6.4 Special precautions for storage

In PVC/PE/PVDC/aluminium blisters, store below 25 ?C.

In PA/ALL/PVC/aluminium blisters, this medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

6.5 Nature and contents of container

14, 28, 30, 50, 56, 84, 90, 98, 100 and 500 film-coated tablets

PVC/PE/PVDC/Aluminium blisters or in PA/ALL/PVC-Aluminium foil (Alu-Alu) blisters packaged in a cardboard box.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

7. Manufactured in India by:
TAJ PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.
Mumbai, India
Unit No. 214.Old Bake House,
Maharashtra chambers of ?Commerce Lane,
Fort, Mumbai – 400001
at:Gujarat, INDIA.
Customer Service and Product Inquiries:
1-800-TRY-FIRST (1-800-222-434 & 1-800-222-825)
Monday through Saturday 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. EST
E-mail:?tajgroup@tajpharma.com

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?Tablets USP 75mg Taj Pharma
(Clopidogrel Bisulphate)

Package leaflet: Information for the user

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate because it contains important information for you.

  • Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.
  • If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
  • Clopidogrel Bisulphate has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if their signs of illness are the same as yours.
  • If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4.

What is in this leaflet:

  1. What Clopidogrel Bisulphate is and what it is used for
    2. What you need to know before you take Clopidogrel Bisulphate
    3. How to take Clopidogrel Bisulphate
    4. Possible side effects
    5. How to store Clopidogrel Bisulphate
    6. Contents of the pack and other information
  2. What Clopidogrel Bisulphate is and what it is used for

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?belongs to a group of medicines called antiplatelet medicines. Platelets are very small structures in the blood, which clump together during blood clotting. By preventing this clumping, antiplatelet medicines reduce the chances of blood clots forming (a process called thrombosis).

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is taken by adults to prevent blood clots (thrombi) forming in hardened blood vessels (arteries), a process known as atherothrombosis, which can lead to atherothrombotic events (such as stroke, heart attack, or death).

You have been prescribed Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?to help prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of these severe events because:

  • You have a condition of hardening of arteries (also known as atherosclerosis), and
  • You have previously experienced a heart attack, stroke or have a condition known as peripheral arterial disease or
  • You have experienced a severe type of chest pain known as ?unstable angina? or ?myocardial infarction? (heart attack). For the treatment of this condition your doctor may have placed a stent in the blocked or narrowed artery to restore effective blood flow. You should also be given aspirin (a substance present in many medicines used to relieve pain and lower fever as well as to prevent blood clotting) by your doctor.
  • You have an irregular heartbeat, a condition called ?atrial fibrillation?, and you cannot take medicines known as ?oral anticoagulants? (vitamin K antagonists) which prevent new clots from forming and prevent existing clots from growing.
    You should have been told that ?oral anticoagulants? are more effective than aspirin or the combined use of Clopidogrel Bisulphate and aspirin for this condition. Your doctor should have prescribed Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?plus aspirin if you cannot take ?oral anticoagulants? and you do not have a risk of major bleeding.
  1. What you need to know before you take Clopidogrel Bisulphate

Do not take Clopidogrel Bisulphate

  • If you are allergic to Clopidogrel Bisulphate or any of the other ingredients of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(listed in section 6);
  • If you have a medical condition that is currently causing bleeding such as a stomach ulcer or bleeding within the brain;
  • If you suffer from severe liver disease.

If you think any of these apply to you, or if you are in any doubt at all, consult your doctor before taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

Warnings and precautions

If any of the situations mentioned below apply to you, talk to your doctor before taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate :

  • if you have a risk of bleeding such as
    • a medical condition that puts you at risk of internal bleeding (such as a stomach ulcer)
    • a blood disorder that makes you prone to internal bleeding (bleeding inside any tissues, organs or joints of your body)
    • a recent serious injury
    • recent surgery (including dental procedures)
    • planned surgery (including dental procedures). You will need to stop taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate seven days before any planned surgery
  • if you have had a clot in an artery of your brain (ischaemic stroke) which occurred within the last seven days
  • if you have kidney or liver disease
  • if you have had an allergy or reaction to any medicines used to treat your disease.

While you are taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate:

  • You should tell your doctor if you are to have surgery (including dental procedures).
  • You should also tell your doctor immediately if you develop a medical condition (also known as Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura or TTP) that includes fever and bruising under the skin that may appear as red pinpoint dots, with or without unexplained extreme tiredness, confusion, yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice) (see section 4 ?Possible side effects?).
  • If you cut or injure yourself, it may take longer than usual for bleeding to stop. This is linked to the way your medicine works as it prevents the ability of blood clots to form. For minor cuts and injuries e.g., cutting yourself, shaving, this is usually of no concern. However, if you are concerned by your bleeding, you should contact your doctor straightaway (see section 4 ?Possible side effects?).
  • Your doctor may order blood tests.

Children and Adolescents

Do not give Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?to children because it does not work.

Other medicines and Clopidogrel Bisulphate

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines, including medicines obtained without a prescription. Some other medicines may influence the use of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?or vice versa.

You should specifically tell your doctor if you take:

  • medicines that may increase your risk of bleeding such as:
  • oral anticoagulants, medicines used to reduce blood clotting,
  • a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine, usually used to treat painful and/or inflammatory conditions of muscles or joints,
  • heparin or any other injectable medicine used to reduce blood clotting,
  • ticlopidine, another antiplatelet agent,
  • a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (including but not restricted to fluoxetine or fluvoxamine), medicines usually used to treat depression,
  • omeprazole or esomeprazole, medicines to reduce excess stomach acid,
  • fluconazole or voriconazole, medicines to treat fungal infections,
  • efavirenz, a medicine to treat HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infections,
  • moclobemide, medicine to treat depression
  • carbamazepine a medicine used to treat some forms of epilepsy,
  • repaglinide, medicine to treat diabetes,
  • paclitaxel, medicine to treat cancer,
  • anti-retroviral medicines (medicines to treat HIV infections).

If you have experienced severe chest pain (unstable angina or heart attack), you may be prescribed Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?in combination with aspirin, a substance present in many medicines used to relieve pain and lower fever. An occasional use of aspirin (no more than 1,000mg in any 24 hour period) should generally not cause a problem, but prolonged use in other circumstances should be discussed with your doctor.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?with food and drink

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?may be taken with or without food.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding

It is preferable not to take Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?during pregnancy.

If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate . If you become pregnant while taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate , consult your doctor immediately as it is recommended not to take Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?while you are pregnant.

You should not breast-feed while taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

If you are breast-feeding or planning to breast-feed, talk to your doctor before taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

Ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking any medicine.

Driving and using machines

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is unlikely to affect your ability to drive or to use machines.

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?contains lactose

If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor before taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

  1. How to take Clopidogrel Bisulphate

Always take Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure.

The recommended dose, including for patients with a condition called ?atrial fibrillation? (an irregular heartbeat), is one 75mg tablet of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?per day to be taken orally with or without food, and at the same time each day.

If you have experienced severe chest pain (unstable angina or heart attack), your doctor may give you 300mg of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?(4 tablets of 75mg) once at the start of treatment. Then, the recommended dose for adults, including the elderly, is one 75mg tablet of Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?per day as described above.

You should take Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?for as long as your doctor continues to prescribe it.

If you take more Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?than you should

Contact your doctor or the nearest emergency department because of the increased risk of bleeding.

If you forget to take Clopidogrel Bisulphate

If you forget to take a dose of Clopidogrel Bisulphate , but remember within 12 hours of your usual time, take your tablet straightaway and then take your next tablet at the usual time.

If you forget for more than 12 hours, simply take the next single dose at the usual time. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten tablet.

If you stop taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate

Do not stop the treatment unless your doctor tells you so.?Contact your doctor or pharmacist before stopping.

If you have any further questions on the use of Clopidogrel Bisulphate , ask your doctor or pharmacist.

  1. Possible side effects

Like all medicines, Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.

Contact your doctor immediately if you experience:

  • fever, signs of infection or extreme tiredness. These may be due to rare decrease of some blood cells.
  • signs of liver problems such as yellowing of the skin and/or the eyes (jaundice), whether or not associated with bleeding which appears under the skin as red pinpoint dots and/or confusion (see section 2 ?Warnings and precautions?).
  • swelling in the mouth or skin disorders such as rashes and itching, blisters of the skin. These may be the signs of an allergic reaction.

The most common side effect reported with Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?is bleeding.

Bleeding may occur as bleeding in the stomach or bowels, bruising, haematoma (unusual bleeding or bruising under the skin), nose bleed, blood in the urine. In a small number of cases, bleeding in the eye, inside the head, the lung or the joints has also been reported.

If you experience prolonged bleeding when taking Clopidogrel Bisulphate

If you cut or injure yourself, it may take longer than usual for bleeding to stop. This is linked to the way your medicine works as it prevents the ability of blood clots to form. For minor cuts and injuries e.g., cutting yourself, shaving, this is usually of no concern. However, if you are concerned by your bleeding, you should contact your doctor straightaway (see section 2 ?Warnings and precautions?).

Other side effects may include:

  • Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people): Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, indigestion or heartburn.
  • Uncommon side effects (may affect up to 1 in 100 people): Headache, stomach ulcer, vomiting, nausea, constipation, excessive gas in stomach or intestines, rashes, itching, dizziness, sensation of tingling and numbness.
  • Rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 1000 people): Vertigo, enlarged breasts in males.
  • Very rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people): Jaundice; severe abdominal pain with or without back pain; fever; breathing difficulties sometimes associated with cough; generalised allergic reactions (for example, overall sensation of heat with sudden general discomfort until fainting); swelling in the mouth; blisters of the skin; skin allergy; sore mouth (stomatitis); decrease in blood pressure; confusion; hallucinations; joint pain; muscular pain; changes or loss of the taste of food.
  • Side effects with frequency not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data): Hypersensitivity reactions with chest or abdominal pain, persistent low blood sugar symptoms.

In addition, your doctor may identify changes in your blood or urine test results.

Reporting of side effects

If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet.

  1. How to store Clopidogrel Bisulphate

Keep Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?out of the sight and reach of children.

Do not use Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?after the expiry date which is stated on the carton and blister after EXP. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.

Store below 25?C.

Do not use Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?if you notice any visible signs of deterioration.

Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to throw away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment.

  1. Contents of the pack and other information

What Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?contains

The active substance is Clopidogrel Bisulphate .

Each film coated tablet contains:
Clopidogrel bisulphate USP
Equivalent to Clopidogrel?????????????????????? 75mg
Clours: Red oxide of Iron, Titanium Dioxide USP

The other ingredients are:

Tablet core: Microcrystalline cellulose, Mannitol , Hydroxypropylcellulose, Crospovidone, Citric acid monohydrate, Macrogol , Stearic acid, Talc.

Tablet coating: Hypromellose, Lactose monohydrate, Iron oxide red, Triacetin, Titanium dioxide.

What Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?looks like and contents of the pack

Clopidogrel Bisulphate ?film-coated tablets are round and biconvex. They are supplied in PVC/PE/PVDC/Aluminium blisters or in PA/ALL/PVC – Aluminium foil (Alu-Alu) blisters.

Packs Available: 14, 28, 30, 50, 56, 84, 90, 98, 100 and 500 film-coated tablets

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

7. Manufactured in India by:
TAJ PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.
Mumbai, India
Unit No. 214.Old Bake House,
Maharashtra chambers of ?Commerce Lane,
Fort, Mumbai – 400001
at:Gujarat, INDIA.
Customer Service and Product Inquiries:
1-800-TRY-FIRST (1-800-222-434 & 1-800-222-825)
Monday through Saturday 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. EST
E-mail:?tajgroup@tajpharma.com

Leave a Reply

What people say about our doctor?

Loading…

More from Portfolio

Loading…
  • Fluoxetine Capsules USP 40mg Taj Pharma

    Name of the Medicinal Product Fluoxetine Capsules USP 10mg Taj Pharma Fluoxetine Capsules USP 20mg Taj Pharma Fluoxetine Capsules USP 40mg Taj Pharma Qualitative and Quantitative Composition a) Each Hard Gelatin Capsule Contains: Fluoxetine Hydrochloride USP Equivalent to Fluoxetine? ? ? ? 10mg Excipients? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? […]

  • Gefitinib 250mg Tablets Taj Pharma

    NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Gefitinib 250mg Tablets Taj Pharma QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each film-coated tablet contains: Gefitinib??????????????????????????????????? 250mg Excipients??????????????????????????????????? q.s For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Film-coated tablet. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications Gefitinib is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or […]

  • Paroxetine Hydrochloride Tablets USP 20mg Taj Pharma

    Name of the medicinal product Paroxetine Hydrochloride Tablets USP 10mg Taj Pharma Paroxetine Hydrochloride Tablets USP 20mg Taj Pharma Paroxetine Hydrochloride Tablets USP 30mg Taj Pharma Paroxetine Hydrochloride Tablets USP 40mg Taj Pharma Qualitative and quantitative composition a) Each film-coated tablet contains: Paroxetine Hydrochloride USP Equivalent to Paroxetine? ? ? ? 10mg Excipients? ? ? […]

  • Fenofibrate 200mg Tablets USP Taj Pharma

    Name of the medicinal product Fenofibrate 160mg Tablets USP Taj Pharma Fenofibrate 200mg Tablets USP Taj Pharma Qualitative and quantitative composition a) Each film-coated tablet contains: Fenofibrate USP? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?160mg Excipients? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?q.s b) Each film-coated tablet […]